"Now the LORD had prepared a great fish to swallow up Jonah. And Jonah was in the belly of the fish three days and three nights." -- Book of Jonah 1:17Belly of the Whale is one of the stages of the classic hero's journey, or heropath, popularized by Joseph Campbell in
The Hero With a Thousand Faces.Some refer to this stage as the hero's lowest point, a view that one might easily take of Jonah while he pondered and prayed for three days in the stomach of the giant fish. Others describe it as a period of introspection and regrouping after the hero has crossed the threshold into the world where his adventure will unfold. To those not accompanying the hero, s/he appears to have been swallowed up by the unknown itself.
While the belly motif often occurs in an enclosed space--a cave, a coffin, a small room, or, as in the Star Wars film, a giant trash compactor--it might occur within a wide open space. The stage can be both literal and figurative.
Death and RebirthWhen you use this stage within a story, the idea of a womb (where the hero will be reborn) a coffin (where the old self dies) or a stomach (where the hero is digested and changed into something else) can be supported by your design of the physical setting there the action occurs. The Death Star's trash compactor serves this purpose well in
Star Wars: at first it appears to be a refuge, but as the walls begin closing in on Luke Skywalker, Han Solo and Princes Leia it becomes a potential trap.
Harry PotterIn
Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone, Harry, Ron and Hermione jump through the trapdoor guarded by the three-headed dog and fall into a small space filled with a plant called Devil's Snare. As long as they resist it, it grips them firmly. When they relax, they'll slide through the vines. The plant serves the same purpose here as the walls of that trash compactor. It's a good visual: the setting reinforces the hero's inner journey.
In
Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, Harry and two others fall into a dungeon-like space in the chamber filled with the bones of rats, the implication being that this will be their fate if they don't escape.
In my hero's journey novel "The Sun Singer," I use a dark, claustrophobic forest for my protagonist Robert Adams' belly-of-the-whale experience.
Real or Imagined DangerHowever you design the setting, the danger there may be imminent and obvious, unknown or perhaps long term, or even a benign place where the journey takes place inside the hero's head as he gets his bearings and decides how to move forward. If you deconstruct books, films and classic myths, you will find this stage of the hero's journey rendered in countless ways in countless physical settings.
The crucial point here is that once the hero crosses the threshold, a point of no easy return, he will figuratively die and be reborn one way or another.
Many Worlds, Many SymbolsThroughout mythology, we find references to heroes who died and who were subsequently reborn in three days. While viewpoints differ, this number is usually not considered to be literal. Instead, the number is related to the “dark of the moon,” traditionally the last three days of a lunar cycle prior to the new moon when none of its light is visible in the sky. The appearance of the slim crescent of the new moon is, in mythology, considered symbolic of the moon’s rebirth and—in a hero myth—to the hero’s rebirth as well.
The seasons of the sun and the stages of the moon have been used repeatedly to illustrate symbolic death and rebirth in myths. Fairy tales with this theme--such as “Little Red Riding Hood” (swallowed by a wolf, rescued by a hunter)--also point symbolically to rebirth, echoing the swallowing of the day (by one kind of monster or another) at nighttime and its subsequent transformation into a new day at dawn.
Joseph Campbell compares the hero’s swallowing by a whale with a worshiper's passage into a church or a temple where he "is to be quickened by recollection of who and what he is, namely dust and ashes unless immortal. The temple interior, the belly of the whale, and the heavenly land beyond, above and below the confines of the world, are one and the same."
The journey is a fascinating and, I suppose, everyone has a slightly different take on it. When it comes to the Belly of the Whale stage of the journey, the inventive author can symbolize "being swallowed" by someone or something in an infinite number of ways. There's a structure here, to be sure, but there are many variations on the theme, and they tend to support each other as the reader's frame of reference and knowledge of myths, books, films and symbols expands.
Image from Wikipedia: Jonah Cast Forth By The Whale, by Gustave Doré.
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--MalcolmNOTE: Both of my hero's journey novels are available in electronic editions. You can find
The Sun Singer on
Kindle and in multiple formats on
Smashwords. The e-book edition of
Garden of Heaven is available on
OmniLit in a PDF format.